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by Misheck Mutize Post Doctoral Researcher, Graduate School of Business (GSB), University of Cape Town International financial markets have opened a window for African governments to diversify their funding sources from traditional multilateral institutions and foreign aid. For example, they can now borrow through issuing Eurobonds – these are international bonds issued by a country in a foreign currency, usually in US dollars and euros. South Africa was the first to issue Eurobonds in 1995. To date, 21 African countries have sold Eurobonds worth a combined total of over US$155 billion on international bond markets since 2006, when Seychelles become the second African country to join the Eurobond market. There is appetite for more. Eurobonds borrowing is done through commercial terms. The interest rates, term of bond and coupon payments are determined by market conditions. Because of poor credit ratings and perceptions of high risk, African bonds are classified as high yields. They’re risky, but they offer high returns. Investors are still scrambling for Africa’s high yield bonds. Eurobonds are costly for governments. The high yields demanded by investors means high interest cost to governments. But they are attractive to governments because investors buy them without preconditions. Unlike multilateral concessionary loans that come with policy adjustment conditionalities, governments have total discretion in how to use the proceeds. They are, however, offered at high interest rates, high coupon payments and shorter debt maturities. This means the government has a shorter period to use the costly funds and will also be paying periodic interest. The average tenor for Africa’s bonds is 10 years, with interest of 5% to 16%. This is unsustainable and has already led to more fiscal strain. Interest repayment is the highest expenditure portion and remains the fastest growth expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa’s fiscal budgets. For example Kenya, Angola, Egypt and Ghana are paying 20%, 25%, 33% and 37% of their collected tax revenue towards interest repayments. Investors are not interested in Eurobonds issued by other regions because they offer very low interest rates. Flavour of the last five years The Eurobond rush spiked in 2017, when US$18 billion bonds were issued in one year. By the end of 2019, the outstanding Eurobonds on the continent were totalling US$115 billion. Over the past two years, 10 countries have issued bonds totalling US$19.8 billion. It would have been more without the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which priced out issuers. Ghana and Egypt sold a combined US$7.1 billion while Morocco issued €2.5 billion in 2020 to support their fiscal budgets. Ghana and Egypt returned to the market, issuing a total of US$7 billion in the first half of 2021. Their debt-to-GDP ratios have now risen to 78% in Ghana and 90% in Egypt. Kenya also joined to issue US$1 billion, pushing its debt-to-GDP ratio to 66%. Any debt-to-GDP ratio above 60% in developing countries is considered imprudent according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and African Monetary Co-operation Program’s threshold. Beyond the threshold, a country will be at high risk of debt default. Signs of unsustainability The ability to borrow through financial markets is viewed by investors as a sign of competitiveness. Financial markets provide a platform for governments to borrow mainly for capital spending, but not too excessively. In Africa, this has not been the case. The following are some key indications of why African governments must consider discontinuing excessive Eurobond borrowing: African governments have been on a Eurobond issuing spree, piling on debt without evaluating the exchange rate risks and the real costs of repaying the debts. The IMF has identified 17 African countries with outstanding Eurobonds as near or under debt distress. Debt servicing is consuming an average of more than 20% of government revenue, leaving very few resources for other developmental needs. All the Eurobonds issued over the past three years were spent of non-productive short-term recurring expenditure and repayment of maturing bonds. Issues by Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Morocco, Gabon, Ghana and Egypt raised funds to support budget deficit and bond refinancing. The majority of issued Eurobonds are of short- to medium-term duration, but their proceeds are used to finance long-term projects. In some cases, these are loss-making projects, or the funds are unaccounted for. Ethiopia’s 10 failed mega sugar projects and the Kenyan loss-making Standard Gauge Railway were both funded from Eurobonds. Foreign exchange reserves are generally depleting in most African governments while they accumulate debt that needs repayments in foreign currency. Adequate forex reserves are important for government to meet its international finance obligations. Tax revenue in sub-Saharan Africa has been shrinking over the past 15 years in both real and absolute terms, because of weakening fiscal capacity. In a number of economies, the tax revenue collection is below the minimum desirable tax-to-GDP ratio of 15%. Such fiscal capacity is inadequate even to finance basic government budget. The continued borrowing from financial markets has led to high debt accumulation. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, some called for debt cancellation for highly indebted poor nations. The G20 and the Paris club creditors also called for multilateral debt relief to be extended to private creditors. In my view this continuous borrowing is unsustainable. It can only increase the fiscal fragility of African governments. It will be irresponsible to accumulate unsustainable debt for short-term gains to be repaid by future generations. High bond appetite Despite clear signs that Eurobond borrowing is unsustainable, governments continue to flood the market with new bond issues. In some countries, the new bonds are issued at higher interest rates than the previous issues. Some authorities are beginning to acknowledge that their Eurobond borrowing is driving debt stock to unsustainable levels. The common misconception around oversubscription of all bonds issued by African governments has not helped. High appetite for Africa’s bonds is viewed as a success story. But attention isn’t being paid to the high yields demanded by investors for purchasing them. Investors will continue to purchase the bonds as long as they are offered at the interest they need. But there are no checks and balances. The funds from Eurobonds have no conditionalities nor any lines of accountability. Unlike multilateral loans, governments are not required to provide detailed information
Dorman Long Engineering, one of Nigeria’s leading oilfields equipment, structural steel, marine structures engineering and fabrication company has just secured a significant investment from Africa Capitalworks to support its expansion. Established in Nigeria back in 1949, Dorman Long Engineering has grown to be one of Nigeria’s leading industrial and infrastructure development players, notably by servicing the country’s hydrocarbons industry. It operates three manufacturing facilities in Lagos, including one at its head office at Idi-Oro, a galvanising plant in Agege and a waterfront facility at the Navy Dockyard. It has successfully executed major engineering services works, including onshore flow stations and major structural fabrication and erection, amongst others, for almost all oil majors and energy services companies operating in Nigeria. More recently, it was a contractor on the Anyala & Madu fields development for First E&P, where first oil was achieved in October 2020. Each field is developed with an unmanned conductor supported platform (CSP), a novel drilling and development technology deployed in the Niger Delta by Dorman Long Engineering and its partners. The company is currently a subcontractor on Seplat Energy’s 300 MMscfd ANOH gas plant, for which it is in charge of the fabrication of several components. The project is Nigeria’s biggest ongoing gas infrastructure development at the moment. The fresh investment officialised today will support Dorman Long Engineering’s refurbishment of its equipment and help the company increase its regional footprint, Chairman Timi Austen-Peters told Hawilti. By expanding existing yards, acquiring additional facilities and expanding its service offering, the company notably aims to tap into new industries such as solar and hydropower. The entry of Africa CapitalWorks will notably support the roll out of such plans and is likely to see Dorman Long Engineering taking on more work across Nigeria while it ventures into neighbouring markets. Africa CapitalWorks Holdings (ACW) is a relatively new vehicle, launched by the CapitalWorks Group to target mid-market companies in sub-Saharan Africa. CDC, the UK’s development finance institution, is a cornerstone investor into ACW and invested $40m in the company back in August 2017. The other major investor is South Africa’s Public Investment Corporation (PIC).
